The Civil Rights Movement Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

As described in the text by Keith and Lundberg rhetoric is mostly about the Skill in using language effectively and persuasively (Keith Lundberg 3) whereas the logos of a speech is its logic; that is the arguments it makes (Keith Lundberg 36). In a London speech that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered to the Christian Action Group on December 7, 1964, he discusses the positive gains that have been achieved by the civil rights movement. In this speech King provided his audience with several facts on how the people have came a long way from where they began and that the civil rights movement has made a great progress in its struggle for equal treatment under the law. In King s speech, he begins by claiming that they have come a long way from where they began. As he starts to speak about the growth of the Negro community he states, Now let us notice first that we ve come a long, long way. And I would like to say this point that the Negro himself has come a long, long way in reevaluating his own intrinsic worth (King). Through these word King implies that they have come a long way in which they have learned their own worth in this world. King is arguing that because of the civil rights movement they have achieved a lot although they have had many ups and downs during this time period. In short, King convinces his audience to believe that they have come a long way and that the end results of this was worth the struggle. King then begins off by giving facts aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1050 Words   |  5 PagesPerseverance The Civil Rights Movement was a critical time in the history of the United States of America. In this time of fighting, brutality, and injustice, leaders arose to fight for equality for all, one, in particular, was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King is well-renowned for believing in something and standing up for it, even though the repercussion of his actions resulted in serving time in jail. While he served his time in Birmingham, he wrote a lengthy letter to inspire and admonishRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy.† (Famous civil-rights†¦) As Martin Luther King, Jr. said, the â€Å"measure† of a man comes not when things are going well, but when things are times are challenging. In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American people were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders and events. The overall i mportance of the movement was the profound impact it had on American life. The Civil Rights Movement had many importantRead MoreEssay on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and The Civil Rights Movement2125 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King jr. was one of the most influential persons of the 20th Century. He is the father of the modern civil rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom as well as peace. King practiced everything that he preached, he did not preach or speak values that he himself did not follow. He established himself as a pastor that was not afraid of hard work, guiding the middle-class congregation to public service. For example, Peake, ThomasRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr s The Civil Rights Movement Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesAs Dr. Martin Luther King Jr sit in a jail cell writing a letter to clergymen, there is civil unrest in the nation. In 1963, the Civil Rights Movement is well underway. Alabama is one of the most segregated states in the union and being in the Deep South , is prone to more racial injustices than others. Dr. King points out his feelings of telling his daughter she can’t go to a new place as it is whites only, the pain of his children and their unconscious feelings of being inferior while not understandingRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1830 Words   |  8 Pagesunmistakably some of the tensest times for race relations in American history. During these times, the Civil Rights movement was at its peak. This was an era that saw Blacks in America truly begin to demand equal rights, doing so by organizing across the country in efforts to pressure government officials to implement progressive legislation. Through a collaborative effort with Dr. Martin Luther King, President Kennedy crafted his 1961 Executive Order 10925—Establishing The President’s Committee onRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. And His Influence On The American Civil Rights Movement765 Words   |  4 PagesWhen talking about leadership, I would think of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his influences on the American civil rights movement. His famous speech – â€Å"I have a dream† is one of the most compelling in all times. The speech was powerful because it was simple and brought out a clear and focused theme. The audiences’ emotion was agitated instantly by his speech. And the reaction and impact were enormous. Of course, leadership is not only about powerful speeches, but involves the leaders’ characteristicsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. And Governor George C. Wallace1050 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Steinbeck wins a noble peace prize, Nixon and Kennedy have the first televised debate, Mohamed Ali wins a gold medal and the Civil Rights Movement is at the precipice in America. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Governor George C. Wallace are two prominent figures throughout the Civil Rights Movement. Individually, they deliver historical spee ches concerning civil rights, however the dialogue encompasses completely different messages. Comparatively, the two speeches will be presented side by sideRead MoreMartin Luther King Pathos and Ethos of Speech895 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Juniors use of Ethos Pathos in his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. On August 28, 1963, people around the nation tuned into hear several civil rights speeches going on in Washington. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those civil rights speakers, and that day he gave his famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. In Dr. Martin Luther King Juniors speech, he spoke about unifying the nation, to create a place where Americans â€Å"will not be judged by the color of your skin but by the contentRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? Martin Luther King Jr. was an American minister, Civil Rights leader, and activist who had a strong belief in nonviolent protests (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). He was the leader behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington which were eventually effective and a law was passed to end racial discrimination (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested f orRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights900 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights activist in American history. His story and legacy is taught in classrooms across the country. From birth to death, Dr. King impacted the lives of many people and changed the roles of society forever. Dr. King had one big dream and what shaped his dream begins in Atlanta,, Georgia, and ends in Memphis, Tennessee. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born into a loving and caring family on January 15, 1929 in The Civil Rights Movement Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Perseverance The Civil Rights Movement was a critical time in the history of the United States of America. In this time of fighting, brutality, and injustice, leaders arose to fight for equality for all, one, in particular, was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King is well-renowned for believing in something and standing up for it, even though the repercussion of his actions resulted in serving time in jail. While he served his time in Birmingham, he wrote a lengthy letter to inspire and admonish the nation. This letter was addressed to two groups, the Church and the White moderates, that contained wisdom in the form of three themes, one of those is letting the governing officials have more time to act almost always means it’s never†¦show more content†¦The White moderate was a large population that had the most people and the most power to vote. They had more power to elect officials. In the letter, Dr. King writes that he almost respects the KKK more than the White moderate for knowing what they stood for and taking a side (King, 5). This is ironic because the KKK believed the White race was superior and all other races were inferior. Whereas the White moderate rejected action, promoting passiveness, allowing more tension to build up in the relationship between the Black and White people which led to a negative peace (King, 5). Dr. King inspired by scripture also linked the white moderates to the Bible â€Å"Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection (King, 5).† Dr. King was implying that being opinionated is more productive than not having an opinion at all. Dr. King acknowledged the few white moderates that had taken up the cause, and in return are ostracized, and ridiculed for what they believe in (King, 7). Dr. King s letter was directed to the middle class, the mass majority of the U.S. The Blacks had been given the power to vote in Birmingham. One candidate for city office promised the Blacks that a vote for him would remove the segregation signs around the city. Through manipulating the vote in this manner, the candidate won the vote for office but failed to make good on the promise to, take down the segregation signs that separated the Black andShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1168 Words   |  5 Pages(Keith Lundberg 36). In a London speech that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered to the Christian Action Group on December 7, 1964, he discusses the positive gains that have been achieved by the civil rights movement. In this speech King provided his audience with several facts on how the people have came a long way from where they began and that the civil rights movement has made a great progress in its struggle for equal treatment under the law. In King s speech, he begins by claiming that theyRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy.† (Famous civil-rights†¦) As Martin Luther King, Jr. said, the â€Å"measure† of a man comes not when things are going well, but when things are times are challenging. In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American people were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders and events. The overall importance of the movement was the profound impact it had on American life. The Civil Rights Movement had many importantRead MoreEssay on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and The Civil Rights Movement2125 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King jr. was one of the most influential persons of the 20th Century. He is the father of the modern civil rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom as well as peace. King practiced everything that he preached, he did not preach or speak values that he himself did not follow. He established himself as a pastor that was not afraid of hard work, guiding the middle-class congregation to public service. For example, Peake, ThomasRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr s The Civil Rights Movement Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesAs Dr. Martin Luther King Jr sit in a jail cell writing a letter to clergymen, there is civil unrest in the nation. In 1963, the Civil Rights Movement is well underway. Alabama is one of the most segregated states in the union and being in the Deep South , is prone to more racial injustices than others. Dr. King points out his feelings of telling his daughter she can’t go to a new place as it is whites only, the pain of his children and their unconscious feelings of being inferior while not understandingRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1830 Words   |  8 Pagesunmistakably some of the tensest times for race relations in American history. During these times, the Civil Rights movement was at its peak. This was an era that saw Blacks in America truly begin to demand equal rights, doing so by organizing across the country in efforts to pressure government officials to implement progressive legislation. Through a collaborative effort with Dr. Martin Luther King, President Kennedy crafted his 1961 Executive Order 10925—Establishing The President’s Committee onRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. And His Influence On The American Civil Rights Movement765 Words   |  4 PagesWhen talking about leadership, I would think of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his influences on the American civil rights movement. His famous speech – â€Å"I have a dream† is one of the most compelling in all times. The speech was powerful because it was simple and brought out a clear and focused theme. The audiences’ emotion was agitated instantly by his speech. And the reaction and impact were enormous. Of course, leadership is not only about powerful speeches, but involves the leaders’ characteristicsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. And Governor George C. Wallace1050 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Steinbeck wins a noble peace prize, Nixon and Kennedy have the first televised debate, Mohamed Ali wins a gold medal and the Civil Rights Movement is at the precipice in America. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Governor George C. Wallace are two prominent figures throughout the Civil Rights Movement. Individually, they deliver historical spee ches concerning civil rights, however the dialogue encompasses completely different messages. Comparatively, the two speeches will be presented side by sideRead MoreMartin Luther King Pathos and Ethos of Speech895 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Juniors use of Ethos Pathos in his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. On August 28, 1963, people around the nation tuned into hear several civil rights speeches going on in Washington. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those civil rights speakers, and that day he gave his famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. In Dr. Martin Luther King Juniors speech, he spoke about unifying the nation, to create a place where Americans â€Å"will not be judged by the color of your skin but by the contentRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? Martin Luther King Jr. was an American minister, Civil Rights leader, and activist who had a strong belief in nonviolent protests (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). He was the leader behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington which were eventually effective and a law was passed to end racial discrimination (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested f orRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights900 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights activist in American history. His story and legacy is taught in classrooms across the country. From birth to death, Dr. King impacted the lives of many people and changed the roles of society forever. Dr. King had one big dream and what shaped his dream begins in Atlanta,, Georgia, and ends in Memphis, Tennessee. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born into a loving and caring family on January 15, 1929 in

Dylan Madden. Dr. Brian Henderson. English 201. 16 March

Dylan Madden Dr. Brian Henderson English 201 16 March 2017 Robopocolypse: Are Robots peaceful or harmful? I. Introduction Noel Sharkey has warned us that â€Å"the widespread availability of service robots has resulted from several developments that allowed robots to become mobile, interactive machines† (Sharkey 358). Robots have become a necessity for people today rather than just for science fiction or manufacturing processes, but lately we wonder whether or not if it’s safe to put our faith in the hands of cold machinery. Today, robots have been known to provide care for our children and the perhaps even the elderly. They even provide service to our men in combat. However, it doesn’t change the fact that there are those who feel†¦show more content†¦2.1: Caring for Children? Sharkey explains the advantage points of his argument by explaining how the Japanese and South Korean companies are creating child-like robots that can be good for â€Å"video-game playing, conducting verbal quiz game, speech recognition, face recognition, and conversation† (Sharkey 358). He describes how robots have the ability to provide alerts when children move out of range. However, he brings up a crucial point in their programming on how robots can’t provide the proper care that human adults can give to their kids including: contact, touch and caring from other humans. Though robots can provide safety, children may not have contact with other humans for days, which according to Sharkey, can cause a â€Å"psychological impact of the varying degrees of social isolation† (358). His claim was based on animal studies. For example, during an experiment with monkeys, according to Sharkey, â€Å"severe social dysfunction occurs in infant animals that are allowed t o develop attachments only to inanimate surrogates† (358). Like a child would do with a robot, the monkeys would grow too attached and their behavior would likely change. People today need to realize that they need to reconsider the idea of having robots care for their kids and start being the responsible ones. 2.2: Caring for Elderly? To provide his argument on whether or not to entrust robots with the elderly, Sharkey uses examples of robots like this, Secom, an automatic

Research on Country Development Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research on Country Development. Answer: Introduction The main objective of this report is to understand which the aspects that need to be covered while analyzing the overall economy of a country. In order to obtain an idea about the economy of a country the per capita income of the country, the GDP growth, the inflation rate, the unemployment rate and other similar aspects need to be evaluated. This report shall highlight analyze the economy of China by evaluating these aspects. Inflation in China in the last ten years Year Value Change 2017 2.4% 19.82% 2016 2% 39% 2015 1.4% -27.52% 2014 2% -24.24% 2013 2.6% -0.83% 2012 2.6% -51% 2011 5.4% 63.64% 2010 3.3% -571.43% 2009 -0.7% -111.86% 2008 5.9% 22.92% 2007 4.8% 220% 2006 1.5% (knoema.com, 2017) The table given above presents the inflation rate in China from 2006 to 2017. Inflation that is measured by consumer price index represents percentage change in cost to consumer in acquiring a basket of services or goods, annually. On referring to the table given above, it can be seen that the there has been huge fluctuation in the rate of inflation in the recent years. The inflation rate can be seen to be fluctuating drastically between the years 2006 to 2017. However, the tendency of the inflation rate to increase started in the year 1997 (Rusticelli, Turner Cavalleri, 2015). Gross Domestic Product Year Value (in billion US dollars) Change% 2017 11795.3 5.14% 2016 11218.28 -0.07% 2015 11226.19 6.57% 2014 10534.53 9.34% 2013 9635.03 12.42% 2012 8570.35 13.94% 2011 7522.1 24.00% 2010 6066.35 18.44% 2009 5121.68 11.24% 2008 4604.29 28.92% 2007 3571.45 28.73% 2006 2774.31 (knoema.com, 2017) Gross domestic product (GDP) an be defined as the total of gross value added by all the producers of the country who are residents of the country inclusive of any taxes that leviable on the product and after deducting any subsidies. GDP is calculated without the deduction of any depreciation on fabricated assets or degradation and depletion of natural resources. It can be seen in the table given above that there has been an increase in the GDP of China consistently in the last ten years. However, the increase in the GDP of China has been in a declining rate. In the last 20 years, the GDP of China has witnessed a growth from 965.32 to 11218.28 billion US dollars (Tan Floros, 2012). This substantial increase in the GDP of China indicates that China is progressing towards becoming one of the strongest economies in the world. Real GDP Growth Rate Year Value Change% 2017 6.6% -1.76% 2016 6.7% -2.90% 2015 6.9% -5.48% 2014 7.3% -6.41% 2013 7.8% -1.27% 2012 7.9% -16.84% 2011 9.5% -10.43% 2010 10.6% 15.28% 2009 9.2% -4.17% 2008 9.6% -32.39% 2007 14.2% 11.81% 2006 12.7% (knoema.com, 2017) Real Gross Domestic Product measures value of goods and services produced by an economy in a particular year. The value of these goods and services is expressed in terms of base year prices. This base year price is referred to as constant price or constant dollar GDP or inflation correct. In other words, real GDP presents the value of goods and services based on prices that are inflation adjusted. In can be seen in the table given above that the real GDP of the country has been declining since 2011. Unemployment Rate Year Value Change 2017 4% 0.00% 2016 4% -0.74% 2015 4.1% 0.98% 2014 4.1% 0.99% 2013 4.1% -0.98% 2012 4.1% 0.00% 2011 4.1% -1.21% 2010 4.1% -3.72% 2009 4.3% 2.38% 2008 4.2% 5.00% 2007 4% -2.44% 2006 4.1% (knoema.com, 2017) Unemployment rate means the section of the labor force that is willing to work but is jobless. The unemployment rate is high when the economy is weak and has fewer jobs to offer. Similarly, if the economy is strong and has plenty of jobs to offer then the unemployment rate is low. As it can be seen that the unemployment rate in China is 4% in 2017 (Li-feng, 2012). On a close observation of table it can that China has been quite successful in reducing its unemployment rate over the years. This is a positive indicator about the health of any economy. GDP per capita GDP per capita income is computed by dividing the GDP by the total number of people in a country. Year Value (US dollars) Change% 2017 8481 4.53% 2016 8113 -0.66% 2015 8167 6.04% 2004 7702 8.77% 2013 7081 11.87% 2012 6329 13.37% 2011 5583 23.40% 2010 4524 17.88% 2009 3838 10.70% 2008 3467 28.27% 2007 2703 28.07% 2006 2111 (knoema.com, 2017), It can be seen from the table given that China has been successful in increasing the GDP year after year. This is again a positive indicator of the economy of China. GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity Year Value (billion international dollars) Change% 2017 23194.41 8.94% 2016 21291.77 8.10% 2015 19695.74 8.05% 2014 18228.36 9.22% 2013 16689.4 9.54% 2012 15235.77 9.89% 2011 13864.86 11.76% 2010 12.405.88 11.96% 2009 11080.89 10.03% 2008 10070.85 11.75% 2007 9011.95 17.24% 2006 7686.84 (knoema.com, 2017) GDP based on purchasing power parity means that GDP converted into international dollars using rates of purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parity between two countries A and B can be defined as a ratio of the number of units of goods the currency of country A can purchase divided by the number of units the same currency can buy in country B. It can be seen from the table given above that the purchasing power of China has been increasing consistently. China. It has managed to increase its purchasing power from $7686.84 in 2006 to $23194.41 billion. This indicates that the Chinese economy is rapidly growing. Gross Debt as a Percentage of GDP Year Value Change% 2017 49.3% 6.67% 2016 46.2% 8.51% 2015 42.6% 6.73% 2014 39.9% 7.90% 2013 37% 7.60% 2012 34.3% 1.88% 2011 33.6% -0.31% 2010 33.7% -1.76% 2009 34.3% 27.21% 2008 27% -7.01% 2007 29% 14.40% 2006 25.4% (knoema.com, 2017) Gross debt as a percentage GDP can be defined as the ratio between the government debt of a country and the GDP of the country. The lower is ratio the better it is. A lower ratio indicated that the country has sufficient funds to repay its loans. From the table given above it is evident that the debt of China has been increasing consistently. The government should make and implement adequate policies to curb this approach. Current Account Balance as a percentage of GDP Year Value Change% 2017 1.3% -27.70% 2016 1.8% -35.36% 2015 2.7% 20.88% 2014 2.2% 45.71% 2013 1.5% -38.80% 2012 2.5% 38.92% 2011 1.8% -53.85% 2010 3.9% -17.47% 2009 4.8% -48.00% 2008 9.1% -7.63% 2007 9.9% 18.33% 2006 8.4% (knoema.com, 2017) Current account transactions refer to all the transactions other than financial and capital terms. In the table given above, the current account balance have been expressed as a percentage of GDP. China current account balance as a percentage of GDP was 1.8 % in 2016 and went down from 2.7 % previous year. Poverty Rate Year Value Change% 2013 1.9% -71.41% 2012 6.5% -18.10% 2011 7.9% -29.69% 2010 11.2% -23.69% 2008 14.7% -21.87% 2005 18.8% -41.31% 2002 32% -21.19% 1999 40.5% -3.59% 1996 42.1% -26.23% 1993 57% -14.39% 1990 66.6% 9.43% 1987 60.8% (knoema.com, 2017) From the table given above it can be seen that the poverty in China has been declining rapidly over the years. This is yet another indicator of a strong and healthy economy Cai Lu, 2013). Labor Conditions in China The labor conditions in China are still in the process of evolving from an unskilled labor force to a sophisticated and skilled labor force. However, human right abuses still exist in some factories. The overalls situation of labor have changed, with enhanced union activity, better wages, and greater levels of education bringing an improvement the plight of workers since 2008 (Li, Sato Sicular,2013). Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that that overall Chinese economy is rapidly developing and can be said to be one of the strongest economies of the world. However the government needs to take steps to reduce the government debt and increase the current account balance. Further labor conditions also require some improvement. Moreover, the government also needs to take steps ensure that the there is minimum rise in the price of goods or services due to inflation. Bibliography Cai, F., Lu, Y. (2013). Population change and resulting slowdown in potential GDP growth in China.China World Economy,21(2), 1-14. Chan, C. K. C. (2012).The challenge of labour in China: Strikes and the changing labour regime in global factories(Vol. 16). Routledge. Cheong, T. S., Wu, Y. (2013).Inequality and crime rates in China. University of Western Australia, Business School, Economics. Cheong, T. S., Wu, Y. (2015). Crime rates and inequality: A study of crime in contemporary China.Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,20(2), 202-223. Das, M., N'Diaye, M. P. M. (2013).Chronicle of a Decline Foretold: Has China Reached the Lewis Turning Point?(No. 13-26). International Monetary Fund. Easterlin, R. A., Morgan, R., Switek, M., Wang, F. (2012). Chinas life satisfaction, 19902010.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(25), 9775-9780. Hsu, J. Y., Hasmath, R. (Eds.). (2012).The Chinese corporatist state: Adaption, survival and resistance. Routledge. Jayathileke, P. M. B., Rathnayake, R. M. K. T. (2013). Testing the link between inflation and economic growth: evidence from Asia.Modern Economy,4(02), 87. knoema.com.China Poverty rate, 1974-2014 - (2017).Knoema. Retrieved 28 July 2017, from knoema.com/atlas/China/Poverty-rate Lee, M. I. H., Syed, M. M. H., Xueyan, M. L. (2012).Is China over-investing and does it matter?(No. 12-277). International Monetary Fund. Li, S., Sato, H., Sicular, T. (Eds.). (2013).Rising inequality in China: Challenges to a harmonious society. Cambridge University Press. Li-feng, C. H. E. N. (2012). The Persistence of Unemployment in China from a New Keynesian Perspective: Theoretical Study and Numerical Simulation [J].Journal of Finance and Economics,12, 009. Maringe, F., Foskett, N. (Eds.). (2012).Globalization and internationalization in higher education: Theoretical, strategic and management perspectives. AC Black. Morrison, W. M. (2012). China's economic conditions.Current Politics andEconomics of Northern and Western Asia,21(3/4), 289. Rusticelli, E., Turner, D., Cavalleri, M. C. (2015). Incorporating anchored inflation expectations in the Phillips Curve and in the derivation of OECD measures of equilibrium unemployment. Tan, Y., Floros, C. (2012). Bank profitability and GDP growth in China: a note.Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies,10(3), 267-273. Yang, D. T., Zhang, J., Zhou, S. (2012). Why are saving rates so high in China?. InCapitalizing China(pp. 249-278). University of Chicago Press.

Zelman V. Simmons-Harris free essay sample

The case of Zelman v. Simmons-Harris is a landmark case that dealt with vouches for schooling and the 1st Amendment. The case was officially decided upon on June 27, 2002, but the case and history dates back to 1995. In 1995, the Ohio Legislature passed into law the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program as part of the 1995 budget act. The Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program was a pilot program that gave families up $2,250 to support their children’s academics. Aid was given to parents according to financial need, and where the aid was spent depended upon where parents chose to enroll their children. Parents were able to opt out of the public school system with this money if they were a part of a failing school district. It allowed parents to choose the school that their children would attend. (Bodwell, 2003) At this time in the United States there was a national movement for allowing school choice and a push for the availability of vouchers. We will write a custom essay sample on Zelman V. Simmons-Harris or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The many who supported this movement were both conservative and mainstream politicians, independent school administrations, religious leaders, and African American who live in urban areas. Those who opposed school choice included: teachers unions, public school administration, and white suburban citizens who were happy with their public schools. It was also during this time that a push for additional options be available within the public schools. These options included advanced classes and charter schools. Peterson, 2003) The establishment of the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program was modeled after a similar program in Milwaukee that was created a few years earlier. What made Cleveland’s program stand apart from Milwaukee’s and other voucher programs was that it allowed religious affiliated schools to participate in the schooling program. The main reason for the establishment of these programs was to respond to the failure of many public schools, in Cleveland particularly in its poor in city center. As a result of the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program, which allowed for religious affiliated schools to participate, 96% of partaking students enrolled in religiously affiliated schools. Due to the number of students enrolled in religious schools, the opponents of school choice challenged the program and brought suit. (Bodwell, 2003) In January 1996, the American Liberties Union and other groups challenged the constitutionality of the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program; citing violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The 1st ruling, which was decided upon in July 1996, upheld the program and the vouchers, but was overturned in May 1997 by an unanimous vote by the Ohio 10th District Court of Appeals. They ruled the program in violation of both State and Federal constitutions. May of 1999, the Ohio Supreme Court declared the program unconstitutional due to an error in the general budget that the law was passed with. Ohio Legislature quickly fixed that by passing a provision to the educational bill and the program and vouchers continued. Peterson, 2003) The Ohio Education Association, the Ohio Federation of Teachers, the American Civil Liberties Union, and People for the American Way filed legal opposition, on July 20, 1999, in federal court. This suit found the law to be unconstitutional on the grounds of the 1st Amendment and granted an injunction which required all students participating in the program to return back to public schools. That injunction was overturned and the battle raged on, back and forth, until September 2001 when the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 2002) The ruling that came down from the United States Supreme Court found that the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program did not violate the Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment. According to the ruling, the main reason why the program was not in violation was because it served a secular purpose and not a religious one. It was the purpose of the program to allow the parents to choose how to spend the money and on what type of schooling. It has no bearing on the government if the parents chose a religious affiliated school. The government’s role ends with the delivery of the vouchers to the parents. â€Å"The incidental advancement of a religious mission, or the perceived endorsement of a religious message, is reasonably attributable to the individual aid recipients not the government, whose role ends with the disbursement of benefits. † (Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 2002) In other words, the purpose of the law is to provide parents with the right to choose the educational setting for their children if the setting that the government is providing for them is inadequate. This ruling from the United States Supreme Court had and continues to have an effect on education and the law. Since the ruling many other states have tried to initiate similar programs to the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program to help students in failing school districts, but have not been successful. For example, in Missouri, programs have tried to be passed but due to the explicitly strict writing of the states’ constitution all of these types of programs are ruled unconstitutional, no matter how well intended. Many states are in confusion over vouchers and the proper use of them. (Crisafulli, 2003) Issues of taxpayers’ monies being spent on the teaching of religious ideas to students was a question that was brought up due to the ruling. Many people do not want their money being spent on teaching religious beliefs to students. A huge ruling was made through Zelman v. Simmons-Harris on the bearing of the separation of church and state. Many feel that this action and ruling truly does violate the 1st Amendment and that through this ruling an opening was created. Marks, 2002) Another concern is lack of funding being given to the school districts that are losing the students due to vouchers. This is an issue many people feel strongly about. People feel that the vouchers are taking funding away from public schools that truly need the aid, and that the removal of students from those schools brings up the problem of fewer resources being available to the public schools. Another issue is that the students participating in the school voucher programs have not shown any discernible student achievement. Marks, 2002) Despite all the controversy and issues that the vouchers present, they allow for the parents right to choose to remove their children from a failing school district with the help of the government. The Supreme Court ruling was justified in its decision, for the government is not forcing or promoting the attendance of school with religious affiliations. The government is simply allowing the parents the right of choice. Parents have the right to choose to keep their children in a failing school, or place them in other school. All parents of children, including the ones who send their children to religious schools on their own dime, pay taxes and helps support the programs. So why should it not be allowed to help support the parents and children with vouchers? Vouchers are just another resource for parents and students to take advantage of if they need the aid. (Crisafulli, 2003) The battle of vouchers and schools of religious affiliation is far from over. Courts all over the United States are deciding what is constitutional and what is not.